TIMELINE

200

Salita del Cocomero, Via Latina (Catacomb of Sant’Agnese) early catacomb featuring chapel like space

230

Dura-Europas Church

313

Edict of Milan – makes Christianity legal

325

First Council of Nicea – declared Jesus as Homoousios

337

Christianity becomes the official religion of the Roman Empire

350

Santa Costanza – Built by Constantine as a Mauseleum

397

Augustine begins writing Confessions

432

Santa Maria Maggiore – early example of Basilica

468

San Stefano Rotondo – example of early martyria

527

San Vitale

532

Hagia Sophia

726

Emperor Leo III attacked the use of images; John of Damascus defended the use of icons

754

Council of Hiereia – use of images condemned

775

Saint-Denis (Romanesque building from 775)

787

Council of Nicea – use of images defended

816

Plan of Monastery of Saint Gall, Switzerland

843

Theodora (widow of Emperor Theophilus) restores the use of images in the Orthodox Church

869

Council of Constantinople declared that man is body and soul only

1140

Saint-Denis (Romanesque building from 775)

1194

Chartres Cathedral

1215

4th Lateran Council - Doctrine of Transubstantiation – put more emphasis on the chancel and on the role of the priest

1224

Thomas Aquinas publishes Summa Theologica

1305

Giotto’s Scrovegni Chapel in Paduasan

1471

Capitoline Museums begin with a donation to the city of Rome by the Papacy (the oldest public collection of art in the world)

1472

Basilica of Sant’Andrea, Mantua (Alberti)

1501

Michelangelo begins work on David

1506

Vatican Museums originate with the purchase of Laocoõn and His Sons and put on public display

1508

Michelangelo begins Sistine Chapel

1517

Luther posts 95 Thesis

1518

Domenico Beccafumi’s mosaic of Hermes Trismegistus graced the floor of the Cathedral of Siena

1521

Luther is excommunicated

1527

1531

Church of England breaks away from Roman Catholic Church

1536

First edition of Calvin’s Institutes

1540

Jesuit order is founded

1545

Council of Trent – embodiment of the Counter-Reformation (veneration of saints, images, relics)

1550

Vasari’s ‘Lives of the Artists’

1559

The Act of Uniformity makes the 1559 Book of Common Prayer the standard for Church of England

1568

Il Gesu Church, Rome

1581

Uffizi Gallery established

1628

The Gallery of Cornelius van der Geest

1633

Galileo’s trial before the Inquisition begins

1637

Descartes publishes Discourse on the Method

1667

First Salon de Paris

1671

Amerbach Cabinet opens in Basel (first and still existing public museum in the world

1683

Ashmolean Museum opened

1690

Cabinet of Curiosities

1694

Musèe des Beaux-Arts et d’archèologie in Besancon established after Abbot Baptiste Boisot gave his personal collection to the Benedictines in order to create a public museum

1710

Frederik Ruysch’s Museum

1727

Kunstkamera opens to the public in Kikin hall in St Petersburg

1743

Uffizi Gallery opens to the public

1748

Salon de Paris becomes the major international art event (until 1890)

1750

Gallerie dell’Accademia opens in Venice

1759

British Museum opens to the public

1764

Hermitage Collection founded by Catherine the Great – required visitors to wear gala dresses until 1866

1779

The Bavarian Royal Collection (now Alte Pinakothek) opens to the public

1781

Belvedere in Vienna opens

1785

Museo del Prado founded by Charles III of Spain

1789

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

1790

Kant’s The Critique of Judgement – aesthetics as an ideological function through which aesthetic judgment produces individuality

1792

Louvre opens to the ‘common people’

1797

Friedrich Schlegel described historicism as "a kind of philosophy"

1814

Dulwich Picture Gallery opens as the first purpose-built national gallery in Great Britain

1818

Mary Shelley publishes Frankenstein

1819

Museo del Prado opens to the public

1824

National Gallery London opens to the public

1830

Königliches Museum (now Altes Museum) opens

1833

Birth of Oxford Movement with publication of first edition of “Tracts for the Times”

1834

Spanish Inquisition officially ends

1848

The Communist Manifesto published

1851

1854

Doctrine of the Immaculate Conception

Lateran Museum founded by Pius IX

1855

Neues Museum opens

1856

Votivkirche (groundbreaking)

1858

St Patrick’s Cathedral, New York and St Patrick’s Cathedral Melbourne

1859

Mary Anne Schimmelpennick criticism of looking back to the dark ages

Classification of Deformities

1863

Birth of Salon des Refuses

Edouard Manet’s The Luncheon on the Grass

1869

First Vatican Council

1874

First Independent Impressionist’s Exhibition

1882

Birth of Liturgical Movement with the publication of the people’s missal at the Belgian Benedictine Abbey of Maredsous

1884

Museum of Fine Art Boston opens

1888

Paul Signet demands exhibits to be hung in a single row

1891

Kunsthistorisches Museum opens in Vienna

1895

First Venice Art Biennale

1900

Freud’s ‘Interpretation of Dreams’

1901

William James’ ‘The Varieties of Religious Experience’

1903

Pope Pius X mandated ‘‘the use of Gregorian chant by the people, so that the faithful may again take a more active part in the ecclesiastical offices, as they were wont to do in ancient times.’’

Galleria Borghese opens

Kirche am Steinhof

1906

White walls used for the Jahrhundert-ausstellung deutscher Kunst at the National Gallery in Berlin

1909

National Congress of Catholic Works in Mechelen Belgium – Cardinal Mercier called for text of the mass in vernacular language

1910

Pergamonmuseum opens

Klimt’s solo exhibition at Vienna Secession presents modern practice of white walls

1911

Kandinsky’s ‘Spiritual in Art’

1913

Freud’s Totem and Taboo

1915

Saussure’s ‘Course in General Linguistics’

1917

Duchamp submits Fountain to Society of Independent Artists Exhibition

1918

The first “community mass” at Maria Laach

1921

Romano Guardini declared the replacement of religious individualism and subjectivism with the objective, formed community

Legion of Mary founded in Dublin

1927

Heidegger’s ‘Being and Time’

1929

Museum of Modern Art founded

1932

Dornbacher Pfarrkirche

1934

Museum of Modern Art’s opening exhibition presents the white cube as the ‘international style’

C.G. Jung’s ‘Concept of the Archetype’

1936

The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction

1937

Große deutsche Kunst-ausstellung in the Haus der deutschen Kunst in Berlin bears witness to the triumph of the white exhibition wall

1938

Duchamp’s installation of bags of coal in the Exposition international du Surrealisme in Paris. Challenged the auratic single-row hanging of exhibits

1940

Hans Ansgar Reinhold recommended the maintenance of “proportionality” in the arrangement of subsidiary altars, that devotional spaces not supplant the centrality of the primary ritual.

1943

Cardinal Bertram gave Rome a comphrensive report on the origin of the Liturgical Movement

Frank Lloyd Wright designs the Solomon R. Guggenheim (built between 1956-59)

Sartre’s ‘Being and Nothingness’

1946

Roman Commission established to reform liturgical books

1947

Pope Pius XII wrote ‘Mediator Dei et Hominum,’ an encyclical on liturgical renewal and Modern art which gave both institutional and hierarchical support to the Liturgical Movement.

1949

German Bishops released a directive to remove all distractions from the interior of ritual space including side altars and Stations of the Cross.

1950

Congregation of Rites approved the German ritual; Doctrine of the Assumption of Mary

1951

First World Congress of the Catholic Lay Apostolate

Roland Barthes’ ‘Writing Degree Zero’

1955

First Documenta

Ronchamp

1958

Louisiana Museum of Modern Art established in Humlebaek

1962-65

Vatican II

Levi-Strauss’ ‘The Savage Mind’

1964

Arthur Danto’s ‘The Artworld’

Marshal McLuhan’s ‘Understanding Media’

1965

“Constitution on Sacred Liturgy”

1966

Holy Cross church, Chur

1967

Susan Sonntag’s ‘Against Interpretation’

1968

End of Modern Art

Noam Chomsky’s ‘Language and Mind’

1969

Pierre Boudie’s ‘The Rules of Art’

Adorno’s ‘Aesthetic Theory’

1972

Harald Szeeman’s documenta 5 presents the exhibition as a work of art

1973

Jack Burnham’s ‘The Structure of Art’

1976

Brian O’Doherty’s ‘Inside the White Cube’

1977

Centre Georges Pompidou opens

1981

1983

Jean Baudrillard’s ‘Simulacra and Simulation’

1984

Venice Biennale under Director Maurizio Calvesi - Luigi Nono’s Promoteo installed in disused church of San Lorenzo

1986

Friedhelm Mennekes established contemporary art program at Sankt Peter Kunst Station, Cologne

1989

1990

1994

Paul Virilio’s ‘The Vision Machine’

1995

100th anniversary of the Venice Biennale director Jean Clair opens Arsenale (formerly the home of Aperto fringe event for younger artists since 1980) and the Biennale expands beyond Giardini

1996

First Manifesta

1998

Nicolas Bourriaud’s ‘Relational Aesthetics’

2001

Lev Manovich’s ‘The Language of New Media’

2004

Miwon Kwon’s “One Place After Another”